Učni načrt predmeta

Predmet:
Procesiranje in nanomagnetizem kompleksnih intermetalnih zlitin
Course:
Processing and Nanomagnetism of Complex Intermetallic Alloys
Študijski program in stopnja /
Study programme and level		 Študijska smer /
Study field		 Letnik /
Academic year		 Semester /
Semester
Nanoznanosti in nanotehnologije, 3. stopnja / 1 1
Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, 3rd cycle / 1 1
Vrsta predmeta / Course type
Izbirni / Elective
Univerzitetna koda predmeta / University course code:
NANO3-896
Predavanja
Lectures		 Seminar
Seminar		 Vaje
Tutorial		 Klinične vaje
work		 Druge oblike
študija		 Samost. delo
Individ. work		 ECTS
30 30 30 210 10

*Navedena porazdelitev ur velja, če je vpisanih vsaj 15 študentov. Drugače se obseg izvedbe kontaktnih ur sorazmerno zmanjša in prenese v samostojno delo. / This distribution of hours is valid if at least 15 students are enrolled. Otherwise the contact hours are linearly reduced and transfered to individual work.

Nosilec predmeta / Course leader:
prof. dr. Spomenka Kobe
Sodelavci / Lecturers:
prof. dr. Carlo Burkhardt , prof. dr. Jean-Marie Dubois , prof. dr. Kristina Žužek
Jeziki / Languages:
Predavanja / Lectures:
Slovenščina, angleščina / Slovene/ English
Vaje / Tutorial:
Pogoji za vključitev v delo oz. za opravljanje študijskih obveznosti:
Prerequisites:

Osnovno znanje na področju kemije, metalurgije, fizike in vede o materialih.

Basic knowledge in the fields of Chemistry, Metallurgy, Physics and Material Sciences.

Vsebina:
Content (Syllabus outline):

Procesiranje magnetnih in drugih intermetalnih kompleksnih zlitin je izjemnega pomena za njihove končne magnetne in druge fizikalne lastnosti. Nanomagnetizem je že zdaj izredno pomemben pri izboljšavi lastnosti magnetnih materialov za uporabo v motorski aplikaciji za električna vozila in vetrne elektrarne. Izjemno pomemben je tudi pri shranjevanju spomina, za senzorsko uporabo in pri izdelavi mehanizmov, strmo pa narašča tudi uporaba v t.i. življenjski znanosti (life-science) in medicini. Izmenjalne interakcije znotraj strukture in interfaznih mej osnovnih magnetnih in drugih kompleksnih intermetalnih zlitin v »bulk« obliki ter nanostruktur, izmenjalna anizotropija, gigantska magnetostrikcija (GMR) in tunelska magnetoupornost (TMR), magnetokalorični efekt, optične lastnosti ter transportne lastnosti elektronov v materialu so lastnosti izrednega tehnološkega pomena. Študij bo delno usmerjen na izdelavo osnovnih materialov s posebnimi lastnostmi ter nano strukturnih materialov, katerih lastnosti se zaradi drugačnih dimenzij, predvsem pa zaradi bistveno večje površine, zelo spremenijo. Poudarek bo na študiju vpliva priprave na končne magnetne in druge fizikalne lastnosti z uporabo različnih fizikalnih metod karakterizacije ter visoko ločljivih analitskih tehnik elektronske mikroskopije. Poudarek pri kemijskem načinu priprave tankih filmov in nano objektov (žice, sfere, cevke) s posebnimi magnetnimi lastnostmi bo na elektrolitski in elektroforetski metodi (ELD, EPD).
V zadnjih letih je izjemnega pomena rcikliranje odpadnih trajnih magnetov tako na osnovi redkih zemelj (Nd-Fe-B) kot tudi stroncija (Sr ferrite), ki so kritične surovine s ciljem vzdržnega gospodarstva in čistega okolja. Postopki recikliranja za doseganje kvalitetnih novih materialov zahtevajo zelo poglobljeno poznavanje osnovnih zakonistosti v lastnostih materialov in njihovega procesiranja.

The processing of magnetic and other complex intermetallic alloys is crucial for tailoring their final physical properties. Nanomagnetism already plays a special role in highly sophisticated methods of improving the magnetic properties of materials used in motors for electric vehicles and wind turbines, which help to create a clean environment. The unique dependence of magnetic properties on dimensionality and length scales means that nanomagnetism has a special role to play. Nanomagnetism is central to data storage, sensor and device technologies and is being used increasingly in life sciences and medicine. Issues of high technological importance include the inter-layer exchange interactions within magnetic multi-layer structures at interfaces; the static, dynamic and thermal properties of magnetic multi-layer and nanostructures; exchange anisotropy; giant magnetoresistance (GMR); tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR); the magnetocaloric effect; and the optical and transport properties of electrons. The emphasis will be on the influence of processing parameters on the final magnetic and other physical properties. The fabrication of nanodevices and nanostructures with various material properties will be studied using a variety of physical methods and high-resolution electron microscopy analytical techniques. The study of chemical methods for preparing magnetic thin films and nanostructures (e.g. wires, spheres and tubes) will focus mainly on electrodeposition and electrophoretic deposition (ELD and EPD).
In recent years, recycling waste permanent magnets based on rare earths (Nd-Fe-B) or strontium (Sr ferrite) has been of paramount importance in the context of a sustainable economy and clean environment. Achieving high-quality new materials through recycling processes requires an in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles of material properties and processing.

Temeljna literatura in viri / Readings:

Principles of Nanomagnetism, Guimaraes A.P., Springer, 2009.
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, J.M.D. Coey, April 2010, ISBN: 9780521816144.
Concerted European Action on Magnets, I.V. Mitchell, J.M. Coey et. al., 2012 ISBN-13: 978-9401070034.
The applied physics of quasicrystals; J.M. DUBOIS, Scripta Physica, T49 (1993) 17-23.
Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Applications, Ping Liu J. Et al., Springer, 2009.
Magnetism-Magnetic-Materials, J.M.D. Coey, second addition, June 18, 2026

Selected publications:

Properties- and applications of complex metallic alloys, J.M. Dubois, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41 (2012) 6760-6777.
Quasicrystal-polymer composites for selective laser sintering technology; S. Kenzari, D. Bonona, J.M. Dubois, V. Fournee, Materials and Design, 35 (2012) 691-95.
Random-anisotropy ferromagnetic state in the Cu5Gd0.54Ca0.42 intermetallic compound, M. Krnel, J.-M. Dubois, J. Dolinšek et al., Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics, ISSN 1098-0121, 2016, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 094202-1-094202-14.
Additive manufacturing of lightweight, fully Al-based components using quasicrystals; S. Kenzari, D. Bonina, J.-M. Dubois, V Fourneé, Journal of materials processing technology, ISSN 0924-0136, 2014, vol. 214, no. 12, str. 3108-3111.

Processability and separability of commercial anti-corrosion coatings produced by in situ hydrogen-processing of magnetic scrap (HPMS) recycling of NdFeB, L. Grau, P. Fleissner, S. Kobe, C. Burkhardt, Materials. Jun. 2024, vol. 17, iss. 11, [article no.] 2487, str. 1-12, ilustr. ISSN 1996-1944. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/11/2487, DOI: 10.3390/ma17112487.
In‑situ alignment of 3D printed anisotropic hard magnets, M. Suppanz, S. Kobe, B. Saje, et al., Scientific reports. 2022, vol. 12, no. 1, str. 17590-1-17590-7. ISSN 2045-2322. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20669-8.
Toward low-energy spark-plasma sintering of Hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets, M. Korent, M. Soderžnik, U. Ročnik, S., Drev, K. Žužek Rožman, S. Šturm, S. Kobe, K. Žagar, International journal of materials science and applications. 2021, vol. 10, no. 5, str. 98-107. ISSN 2327-2635. DOI: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211005.12.
Significant coercivity enhancement of hot-deformed bulk magnets by two-step diffusion process using a minimal amount of Dy, M. Korent, X. Tang, H. Sepheri-Amin, K. Hioki, K. Žagar, S. Kobe, T. Okubo, K. Hono, Scripta materialia. 2021, vol. 205, str. 114207-1-114207-5. ISSN 1359-6462. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114207.
A systematic classification and labelling approach to support a circular economy ecosystem for NdFeB-type magnet, C. Burkhardt, A. Lehman, B. Podmiljšak, S. Kobe, Journal of materials science and engineering. B. 2020, vol. 10, no. 7/8, str. 125-133. ISSN 2161-6221. DOI: 10.17265/2161-6221/2020.7-8.001.
Microstructural insights into the coercivity enhancement of grain-boundary-diffusion-processed Tb-treated Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets beyond the core-shell formation mechanism., K. Žagar, K. Žužek-Rožman, M. Komelj, M. Soderžnik, S. Kobe, B. Markoli, S. Šturm, et al. Journal of alloys and compounds, ISSN 0925-8388, 2021, vol. 864, str. 158915-1-158915-12, ilustr., doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158915.
Nanostructured multicomponent Nd-Fe-B magnets prepared by a spark-plasma-sintering approach, T. Tomše, J. Jaćimović, J.-M. Dubois, S. Kobe, K. Žužek-Rožman, S. Šturm, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, ISSN 0304-8853, 2021, vol. 553, str. 168011-1-168011-11, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168011.
Properties of SPS-processed permanent magnets prepared from gas-atomized Nd-Fe-B powders T. Tomše, J. Jaćimović, J.-M. Dubois, S. Kobe et al., Journal of alloys and compounds, ISSN 0925-8388, 2018, 20 str., doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.411.
Hybrid FePt/SiO2/Au nanoparticles as theranostic tool: in vitro photo-thermal treatment and MRI imaging, N. Kostevšek, et. al., S. Kobe, K. Žužek Rožman, Nanoscale, ISSN 2040-3364, 2017, 16 str., doi: 10.1039/C7NR07810B.
High-coercivity Nd-Fe-B magnets obtained with the electrophoretic deposition of submicron TbF3 followed by the grain-boundary diffusion process, M. Soderžnik, M. Korent, K. Žagar, et.al., S. Kobe, Acta materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, 2016, vol. 115, str. 278-284, doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.003.
Magnetic and microstructural investigation of high-coercivity net-shape Nd-Fe-B-type magnets produced from spark-plasma-sintered melt-spun ribbons blended with DyF3, K. Žagar, A. Kocjan, S. Kobe, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, ISSN 0304-8853, 2016, vol. 403, str. 90-96, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.11.082.

Cilji in kompetence:
Objectives and competences:

Študentje spoznajo kemijske (ELD, EPD), metalurške in fizikalne metode (ultra hitro kaljenje litin, visokoenergijsko mletje, pulzno lasersko depozicijo) procesiranja intermetalnih magnetnih in drugih kompleksnih zlitin kot osnovnih (»bulk«) materialov in v obliki tankih filmov oz. nano objektov (nano žice, nano sfere, nano cevke) s poudarkom na motorski aplikaciji za ekološko energijo ter v medicini v nano-mehanizmih in prevlekah s posebnimi fizikalnimi lastnostmi.
Ker so redke zemlje, kot najpomembnejši elementi v trajnih magnetih za električna vozila in generatorje vetrnih elektrarn, na vrhu lestvice kritičnih surovin, je posebej pomebno tudi spoznavanje postopkov recikliranja magnetov na koncu življenske dobe.

Students will learn about chemical (ELD and EPD), metallurgical, and physical (e.g. melt spinning, high-energy milling, and pulsed laser deposition) methods for processing intermetallic magnetic and other complex alloys in bulk, thin film, and nano-object forms (e.g. rods, spheres, and tubes). The focus will be on motor applications for clean energy and medical applications, as well as nano-devices and coatings for special surface physical properties.
Rare earths are the most important element in permanent magnets used in electric vehicles and wind turbines, making them a critical raw material. Therefore, understanding the processes involved in recycling magnets at the end of their life cycle is particularly important.

Predvideni študijski rezultati:
Intendeded learning outcomes:

Znanje in razumevanje:
- Razumevanje mehanizmov sinteze kompleksnih intermetalnih zlitin, magnetnih tankih filmov in magnetnih nano objektov (žice, sfere, cevke).
- Poznavanje novih metod sinteze.
- Poznavanje metod karakterizacije kompleksnih intermetalnih zlitin, magnetnih tankih filmov in magnetnih nano objektov (žice, sfere, cevke). Poznavanje metod recikliranja odpadnih magnetov.

Splošne kompetence:
- Obvladanje raziskovalnih metod, postopkov in procesov, razvoj kritične in samokritične presoje.
- Sposobnost uporabe znanja v praksi.
- Razvoj komunikacijskih sposobnosti in spretnosti, posebej komunikacije v mednarodnem okolju.
- Kooperativnost, delo v skupini (in v mednarodnem okolju).

Predmetno specifične kompetence:
- Predmet pripravlja študente za delo na področju magnetnih in drugih intermetalnih kompleksnih zlitin s poudarkom na "bulk" vzorcih, tankih magnetnih filmih, nano objektih (žice, sfere, cevke) in nanokristaliničnih prahovih.
- Predmet pripravlja študente na uporabo različnih metod procesiranja kompleksnih intermetalnih zlitin, kot "bulk" materiali, tanki magnetni filmi, nano objekti (žice, sfere, cevke) in nanokristalinični prahovi. Predstavljena bodo tudi praktična znanja potrebna za recikliranje odpadnih magnetov.
- Študent bo razvil kompetence na področju karakterizacije kompleksnih intermetalnih zlitin, tankih magnetnih filmov, nano objektov (žice, sfere, cevke) in nanokristaliničnih prahov.

Knowledge and understanding:
The student will understand the synthesis mechanisms of complex intermetallic alloys, magnetic thin films, and magnetic nanostructures (e.g. wires, spheres, and tubes).
- Knowledge of new synthesis methods.
Methods of characterising magnetic and other physical properties in nanodimensions.
They will also be competent in the recycling of end-of-life (EOL) magnets.

General competences:
The student will master the research methods, procedures and processes involved in complex intermetallic alloys and nanomagnetism.
- The student will develop critical thinking skills.
- The student will develop communication skills to present their research achievements in an international environment.
- Work in a team in an international environment.

Course-specific competences:
This course prepares students to work in the field of magnetic and other complex intermetallic materials, with an emphasis on thin films, nanowires, nanospheres and nanotubes, and nanocrystalline powders.
The course will equip students with the skills to process complex intermetallic alloys, magnetic thin films, nanostructures (wires, spheres and tubes) and nanocrystalline powders.
Students will develop expertise in characterising complex metallic alloys, magnetic thin films, nanostructures (wires, spheres and tubes), and nanocrystalline powders.

Metode poučevanja in učenja:
Learning and teaching methods:

Predavanja, seminarji, laboratorijsko delo, obiski tovarn oz. organizacij s tematiko študija.

Lectures, seminar work, laboratory work, visits of factories e.g. organizations with the thematic of the studies.

Načini ocenjevanja:
Delež v % / Weight in %
Assesment:
Seminar
50 %
Seminar
Ustni izpit
50 %
Oral exam
Reference nosilca / Lecturer's references:
1. BURKHARDT, Fabian, GRAU, Laura, KREČA, Matija, KRASNIQI, L., PODMILJŠAK, Benjamin, ŽUŽEK ROŽMAN, Kristina, BURKHARDT, Carlo, KOBE, Spomenka, TOMŠE, Tomaž, et al. A rapid consolidation route for recycled ndfeb powders and the role of particle shape in grain growth. Materials. 2025, vol. 18, iss. 21, 1-16 str., ilustr. ISSN 1996-1944. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/21/5029, DOI: 10.3390/ma18215029.
2. GRAU, Laura, MORENO LÓPEZ, Rosario, KUBELKA, Pierre, BURKHARDT, Fabian, TOMŠE, Tomaž, KOBE, Spomenka, BURKHARDT, Carlo. Effects of thermal demagnetization in air on the microstructure and organic contamination of NdFeB magnets. Materials. Nov. 2024, vol. 17, iss. 22, [article no.] 5528, str. 1-12, ilustr. ISSN 1996-1944. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5528, DiRROS - Digitalni repozitorij raziskovalnih organizacij Slovenije, DOI: 10.3390/ma17225528. [COBISS.SI-ID 214969859]
3. KOBE, Spomenka, ARSHAD, Muhammad Shahid. Anisotropic fast PROtotyping of MAGnetic materials (aProMag) Project. V: ARSHAD, Muhammad Shahid (ur.), KOVAČ, Igor (ur.), KOBE, Spomenka. Innovation day Ljubljana 2023 : driving e-mobility and clean energy conversion through materials design & manufacturing. Ljubljana: Jožef Stefan Institute, 2023. Str. 20-23, ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 183031299]
4. BURKHARDT, Fabian, GRAU, Laura, KREČA, Matija, KRASNIQI, L., PODMILJŠAK, Benjamin, ŽUŽEK ROŽMAN, Kristina, BURKHARDT, Carlo, KOBE, Spomenka, TOMŠE, Tomaž, et al. A rapid consolidation route for recycled ndfeb powders and the role of particle shape in grain growth. Materials. 2025, vol. 18, iss. 21, 1-16 str., ilustr. ISSN 1996-1944. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/21/5029, DOI: 10.3390/ma18215029. [COBISS.SI-ID 256573955]
5. KOBE, Spomenka, PODMILJŠAK, Benjamin, TOMŠE, Tomaž, HUREMOVIĆ, Damir, GRAU, Laura, BROOKS, Oliver, KOVAČ, Janez, SAMARDŽIJA, Zoran, SAJE, Boris, BURKHARDT, Carlo. Sustainable processing of innovative rare-earth magnets : Invited, presented at Congress & exhibition MSE 2024, 24 - 26 September 2024, Darmstadt. [COBISS.SI-ID 209252867]