Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a type of cryogenic treatment, during which a material is subjected to temperatures below −160 °C. When a metallic material is modified with DCT, changes occur down to the nanoscopic level. DCT induces microstructural changes such as grain size refinement, formation of new grains, movement …
Wear is one of the key problems with many types of engineering components as it can limit their life expectancy. The same is true for tools and tool steels, which are the focus of this doctoral thesis. Tool-wear response and behaviour are closely related to a material’s final microstructure and …