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Cysteine cathepsins are endosomal proteases that are involved in lysosomal protein degradation. Additionally, they engage in specific biological processes, like bone degradation (CatK), antigen presentation (CatS) and pro-hormone processing (CatV and CatL). Their enhanced activity was described in numerous pathological states, like cancer and viral activation, which made them promising …

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are polymorphic cell surface glycoproteins expressed only on the surface of the professional antigen presenting cells and they play a crucial role in the adaptive immune responses. MHC class II molecules undergo a very complex maturation process. They are synthesized in the endoplasmic …

Interactions between macromolecules are the basic events of life. Their characterization is thus a key to understanding the physiology and the underlying specificity of these events. Not only understanding of the final states (where the molecules get closest together), also understanding of the course of approach is mandatory to gain …

X-rays are diffracted on electron clouds and thereby provide a mean to observe 3-dimensional structure of molecules at atomic level. Using medium resolution diffraction data (2Å and lower) we have shown that averaging of electron density maps generated from sets of randomly distributed atoms and can reduce noise and model …

The number and variety of macromolecular structures in complexes with "hetero" ligands is growing. The need for fast delivery of correct geometric parameters for their refinement, which is often crucial for understanding the biological relevance of the structure, is growing correspondingly. The current standard for describing protein structures is the …